November 08, 2007
ஜெர்மனி மறுபடியும்- பெர்லின் சுவர் மட்டுமா வேண்டும், ஹிட்லரின் ராஜ்யமும்தான்
இங்கே பார்த்தால் அதை விட அதிசயமாக ஜெர்மனியர் இன்னொன்று சொல்கிறார்கள்- ஆனால் அனேகமாக இவர்களெல்லாம் கிழவர்கள்.
அதான், ஹிடலர் வந்தால் நல்லாயிருக்கும் என்று புலம்பல். நானே பார்த்திருக்கிறேன் தமிழ் நாட்டில். சில கிழவர்களெல்லாம், பிரிட்டிஷ் காரன் தாய்யா சரியா ஆட்சி பண்ணான். அவனே திரும்ப வந்தால் தேவலாம் என்று சொன்னவர்களை எல்லாம் கொஞ்சம் நிறையவே பார்த்திருக்கிறேன். இதில் பிரிட்டிஷ்காரன் காலத்தில் சிறு பையன்களாக இருந்த சில மகாஜனங்களும் அடக்கம்.
சூ.கா
http://www.guardian.co.uk/print/0,,331014136-103532,00.html
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One in four see positive side of Nazis, poll finds
· Older Germans more accepting of regime · TV newsreader sacked over comments on familyKate Connolly in BerlinFriday October 19, 2007
GuardianA quarter of Germans believe aspects of the Nazi era were positive, according to a poll published after a dispute about the Nazis and their attitude towards the family.
Asked whether National Socialism was wholly negative or had some good points, 25% of respondents to the Forsa institute poll said yes, while 70% said no.
The poll was published in Stern magazine to accompany an essay on "Why every fourth German still believes National Socialism had its good sides". It comes after a debate sparked last month by a television presenter who said the Nazis' attitude towards the family had been positive. Eva Herman, 48, was sacked from her role as a newsreader by public broadcaster NDR after her comments prompted an outcry.
Germans were still deeply insecure about how to view their past, according to the magazine. The older the respondents, the higher their acceptance was of the Nazi regime. Of the over 60s, 37% answered positively.
"It would appear that a lot of people think like Eva Herman, but most of them don't say it into a microphone," the magazine wrote.
The poll has drawn sharp criticism from the Central Council of Jews. Its vice president, Dieter Graumann, called it a warning sign and said it was "ugly, disastrous and it makes me sad and angry".
"It shows just what a tall task schools (and) youth workers ... have in front of them," he told German news website Netzeitung.
Volker Beck of the Greens said it was a slap in the face to those who thought Germans were confronted excessively with the Nazi past.
"This poll shows those who repeatedly criticise schools for teaching too much about the Third Reich are wrong," he said. "It is particularly alarming that younger people are increasingly positive about National Socialism."
Herman was quoted as saying that although there was "much that was very bad, for example Adolf Hitler," the Nazi era produced good things, "such as the high regard for the mother". What makes her remarks particularly taboo in German society is that the Nazis awarded mothers who produced large families medals of honour for their contribution to increasing the aryan race.
The magazine said Germans suppressed the extent to which Nazi-era laws and legacies shaped their lives, and its condemnation of Herman was hypocritical. "Hitler still reigns," it wrote, highlighting existing laws governing everything from chimney sweeps to maternity leave, which originated in the Nazi era.
"Hitler left the world much more than Auschwitz and the autobahns, but it's something people gladly forget or suppress," it wrote.
Guardian Unlimited © Guardian News and Media Limited 2007
மீண்டும் ஜெர்மனி- பெர்லின் சுவர் மறுபடி வேண்டுமா?
சூ.கா
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Germans hanker after barrier
Kate Connolly in Berlin /Thursday November 8, 2007
Guardian
More than one in five Germans would like to see the Berlin Wall rebuilt, a study published to coincide with the 18th anniversary of its fall shows.
The survey of more than a thousand Germans of different ages showed that the desire to see the wall return is as high among former citizens of communist East Germany (the GDR) as it is among those from the west.
Only 3% of people who originated from East Germany said they were very satisfied with the way that German democracy worked.
The poll by the Forsa institute showed that 73% of those from the east believed that socialism was a good idea in principle, but had been poorly implemented. Over 90% argued that they enjoyed better social protection during the GDR era.
The first slabs of the Berlin Wall were erected in 1961 as the GDR moved to separate West Berlin from the communist East. In its 28-year life the wall became a symbol of the cold war and, according to official figures, 125 people were killed trying to cross it from east to west.
Its fall began on November 9 1989, part of the collapse of communism across eastern Europe. The two Germanys were officially reunited the following October, to great national celebration, but the bill for unification has been put at €1.3 trillion and the merging of the two countries has not come without severe social problems.
The overwhelming majority of people originating from West Germany who took part in the survey said that if the wall was rebuilt they would prefer to live in West Germany, while around 36% of former East Germans said they would prefer to live in the communist east.
Cultural historian Tanja Bürgel told Der Spiegel magazine that most young people born in eastern Germany had no connection to their origins. "There are no cultural roots with which they can positively identify," she said.
The poll results have been published as Germany reflects on the experiences of young Germans born on the eve of the fall of the Berlin Wall, who will come of age tomorrow. Many of the young people and their parents say they feel politically disenfranchised and disillusioned. It is also telling that less than 5% of relationships in Germany are between east and west Germans, suggesting the a social and cultural divide still exists.
Guardian Unlimited © Guardian News and Media Limited 2007
பெரும் சமுக மாறுதல்கள்- எப்படி சாதிப்பது? வன்முறையாலா அல்லது மக்கள் திரளியக்கங்களாலா
இதோ டிமதி கார்ட்டன் ஆஷ் என்பவர் தன் கட்சிக்காரருக்கு ஒரு எலெக்ட்ரிக் ஷாக் கொடுக்கிறார். ஆனால் சைபீரியாவே அசைக்க முடியாத மத/ மூட நம்பிக்கைக்கு இவர் கொடுக்கிற சின்ன ஷாக் என்ன செய்யப் போகிறது?
கேட்கிற கேள்வி எளியது. லெனின் நிறைய உளறி இருக்கிறார். அதில் ஒன்று வன்முறை இல்லாது புரட்சி வெல்லாது என்பது. இங்கே கிழக்கு ஜெர்மனியின் கம்யூனிஸ்டுகளுக்கு எதிராக வென்றது மக்களின் அமைதியான எதிர்ப்பும், எழுச்சியும்தான் என்கிறார். நான் அவரோடு கட்சி கட்டப் போவதில்லை. தமிழகத்தில் நிறைய பேர் இருப்பாரே?அவர்கள் பார்த்துக் கொள்ளட்டும்!
சூ.கா.
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The path of the fallen wall is hard to find, but a powerful example lives on
Memories of the day have faded and capitalism has triumphed, but the event endures as a model of non-violent resistance
Timothy Garton Ash in BerlinThursday November 8, 2007The Guardian
Remember, remember the 9th of November. But who does? If you had not seen the headline to this column, would you instantly have known that I refer to the day the Berlin wall came down, 18 years ago tomorrow? Dates age faster than we do, said the poet Robert Lowell, and most of the time that is true.
For an older generation of central Europeans, November 9 meant the Kristallnacht, the "night of broken glass" in 1938, when Nazi thugs left the streets of this city strewn with the smashed glass of Jewish shopkeepers' windows. For those still older, it recalled Hitler's attempted putsch on November 8-9 1923. Each November 9 supplants the last. Perhaps - heaven forbid - in a few years' time there will be an attempted terrorist attack in Berlin (foiled, let us hope) on a November 9 and Germans will have to work out whether to call it 9/11, European style, or 11/9, American style.
Earlier this week, I spent an afternoon with a long-time East German friend showing my younger son, who was three years old in 1989, the places where the wall used to be. There's not much left: a few stretches of old concrete and raked sand (once the "death strip" where would-be escapers from the former East Germany were shot), grainy museum photos, a stark and rusty memorial. The ruins of Persepolis are more vivid. For those of us who were there, the experience - both the taste of our friends' long imprisonment and the magical moment of liberation - is unforgettable, life-transforming; but to explain it to someone who was not there requires a novelist's effort of evocation. "To feel how it was" ("Fuehlen, wie es war"), a local newspaper captions a picture of children stretching out their fingers to touch an internally illuminated, multicoloured plastic replica of the wall, erected by a Korean artist in front of the Brandenburg Gate. Or rather, how it wasn't.
This remoteness is not merely a function of age or physical distance. Over dinner, I asked my old friend's eldest son, who as a 21-year-old escaped through the perforated iron curtain from Hungary to Austria in the summer of 1989, and is now a priest in west Berlin, what his parishioners would make of it if this Sunday he preached a sermon based on his experience. Not much, he said. The west Berlin congregation would probably think: there he goes again, bothering us with his eastern reminiscences. Like the bored family when dad starts retelling for the umpteenth time his veteran's tales of Vietnam or the second world war.
But imagine the case of a young woman born on the morning of November 9 1989, here in East Berlin, and therefore 18 this Friday? How would she celebrate and reflect on her coming of age? "Just like someone in Spain or Britain," say my friends. Spain is probably a better comparison. Of course, there is a general sense that there was a dark and gloomy past somewhere back there, before one was born - like the shadow of the Franco dictatorship for a young woman in Madrid. But it's only marginally relevant to your own life.
So why has this epochal event, considered by many historians to mark the end of the "short 20th century" (1914-1991), faded so rapidly from lived experience? Perhaps because, unlike, say, the 4th of July, it did not start a big new thing that is still with us (for instance, the United States). It was more a great ending than a great beginning.
On the morning after, there were huge questions in the air. Could (and should) Germany be peacefully united? Could (and should) communism, which had abolished virtually all private property, emasculated the rule of law and supplanted democracy with the "dictatorship of the proletariat", be transformed back into capitalism? As the joke went at the time: we know that you can turn an aquarium into fish soup, but can you turn fish soup back into an aquarium? Eighteen years on, these questions have been answered. Yes, you can. Driving into the centre of East Berlin, I noticed an alternative, hippy-style shop which had on its door a parody of the famous cold war Berlin signs that used to say, "You are now leaving the American sector" (of West Berlin, that is, crossing into the Soviet sector, or East Berlin). This parodic notice read: "You are now leaving the capitalist sector." But it isn't true. Even among the incense and beads behind that alternative shop door, capitalism rules, OK.
The ultimate proof of the triumph of capitalism is to be seen in a striking full-colour advertisement that has appeared in the pages of the Economist and the Financial Times in recent weeks. It shows a thoughtful-looking Mikhail Gorbachev, sitting in the back of a car through whose rear window you can clearly see one of the few remaining stretches of the Berlin wall. Beside him is a leather bag by Louis Vuitton, for which luxury goods manufacturer this world historical figure and hero of our time is now serving as an advertisement. Eighteen years on, that seems to me a perfect icon of the age we're in.
What, then, is left of that incredible November night, when the people made their own history as they danced through the wall? "Was bleibt?" ("What remains?"), as the East German novelist Christa Wolf mournfully asked. Apart from our fading memories, there is, I believe, at least one thing that survives with a future. The fall of the wall is perhaps the world's most famous image of the triumph of what we call in English "civil resistance" - that is, popular non-violent action. It followed massive peaceful demonstrations in Leipzig and other then East German cities. As one East German worker told me at the time: "You see, it shows Lenin was wrong. Lenin said a revolution could succeed only with violence, but this was a peaceful revolution."
The East German "revolution of the candles", as some dubbed it at the time, had predecessors, from the non-violent campaigns of Gandhi and Martin Luther King to Poland's Solidarity. It has also had many successors, from the velvet revolution in Prague, which followed within a matter of days, to South Africa, Slovakia, Serbia, Ukraine and, most recently, the protests led by Buddhist monks in Burma (too hastily tagged the "saffron revolution") and those of lawyers in Pakistan today. (Expect a "lawyers' revolution" tag, assuming some journalist hasn't reached for it already.)
I am involved in a fascinating research project, led by my Oxford colleague Adam Roberts, which is looking at many of these cases of the use of civil resistance and trying to work out why some succeeded and others failed. Courage, imagination and skilled organisation of peaceful protest is not enough, if other factors of power - the army and police, a colonial power, neighbouring states, international media, economic forces - are not sufficiently present, benign or amenable. You need your Gorbachev, your Helmut Köhl, your western TV cameras and, not least, your party leaders who give up without a shot fired in anger. But you also need the citizens on the streets, with their candles, banners, chants and the sheer peaceful force of numbers. Without them, there is no revolution. With them, you can change the course of world history, even in the face of a nuclear-armed superpower. So the date may fade, but the example lives on.www.timothygartonash.com
சீனாவின் தொழிலாளரின் பரிதாப நிலை
மாவோயிசம் என்று பம்மாத்து காட்டிக் கொண்டு சீனக் கம்யூனிஸ்டுகளின் பெருந்தலைகள் ராணுவ உதவியுடன் சீனப் பாட்டாளிகளைச் சுரண்டும் விவரங்களை அடிக்கடி இந்தப் பத்திரிகையில் எழுதுகிறார்கள். இதோ ஒரு ப்ளாக்- இப்பத்திரிகையின் வலைப் பக்கத்தில் வந்தது.
சீனாவுக்கும் மாவோவுக்கும் வால் பிடிக்க சொந்த நாட்டுக்குத் துரோகம் செய்யவும் துணிந்து செயல்படும் இந்திய இடதுக்கு இதைப் பார்த்தாவது ஏதாவது உறைக்குமா என்றால், இராது என்றுதான் சொல்ல வேண்டிய அவல நிலை.
இதே போல அமெரிக்க/ யூரோப்பிய தொழிற்சாலைகளில் இல்லையா என்று கேட்டு கருத்து சூனியக் கட்சியைச் சப்பை கட்டி நிறுத்த முயல வேண்டாம். இந்திய இடதுக்குத் துளியாவது நேர்மை இருந்தால் சீனப் பொதுவுடைமை இயக்கம் பெருந்தோல்வி அடைந்து விட்டது என்ற அப்பட்டமான உண்மையை ஏற்றுக் கொள்வது முதல் கட்டம்- ஆனால் மாவொயிச வியாதியில் இருந்து விடுபட வெகு தூரம் அதற்கப்பால் போகவேண்டி இருக்கும்.
சூ.கா
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Factory Conditions Sicken Chinese Workers
The fact that lead-laced toys put kids at risk is bad enough, but Chinese factories also cause big problems for another population—workers.
A few of the ways factory employees risk their lives to produce goods bound for the U.S., according to the Salt Lake Tribune's series on the hazards of manufacturing plants in China:
*Making Char-Broil grills and gas stoves: Experts estimate 4.4 million Chinese workers have silicosis, a fatal lung disease caused by inhaling metal particles.
*Assembling furniture and household accessories: Millions of workers have lost limbs and fingers while using outdated factory equipment.
*Painting furniture: workers who inhale solvents like benzene, toluene and xylene suffer from a range of health problems (one interviewed for the article had myelodisplastic anemia, a precursor to leukemia).
*Making batteries: inhaling cadmium dust, a carcinogen, can cause "severe bone pain, kidney failure and death."
The conditions that cause these health problems (old equipment, loose regulations, lack of protective gear) will most likely take a long time to improve, but the Tribune points out that it might speed things up if American consumers think twice about that new Char-Broil grill.
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Posted by Kiera Butler on 10/22/07 at 9:52 AM
October 12, 2007
மனித குலத்தைப் பீடித்த இரு உள்ள நோய்கள்
, ஏனெனில் இரு கருத்தியல்களும் (ideologies) சமத்துவம் என்ற ஒரு முலாமைப் பூசிக் கொண்டு உலக ஏகாதிபத்தியத்தைத் தாம் மட்டுமே அடைய வேண்டும் என்ற பேராசை கொண்டு நிற்பவை. இரண்டும் உலக அமைதியைத் தாம் நாடுவதாகத் தொடர்ந்து பிரச்சாரம் செய்வதில் மிகவுமே திறமை மிக்கவை. இரண்டுமே தம் கட்சி சார்ந்தவர்கள் தவிர மற்றவர்களெல்லாம் சித்தப் பிரமை பிடித்தவர் அல்லது முட்டாள்கள் அல்லது நரகத்துக்குத்தான் போகப் போகிறார்கள் என்று மற்றவரின் அறிவு, திறன், சிந்தனை, தேர்வு ஆகிய எதையும் உண்மையில் சிறிதும் மதிக்காத ஒரு ஆழ்ந்த வெறுப்பு கொண்டவர்கள். இரண்டு பார்வையிலும் அவர்கள் ஆண்டால் மற்றவர்கள் கீழே எந்த அதிகாரமும் இல்லாத சாதாரண மக்களாக, ஆளப்படும் தகுதி மட்டுமே உள்ளவர்களாக, basically slaves without any citizenship rights, இருக்க விடுவோம், எங்களைப் போல சகிப்புத்தன்மை யாருக்கும் உலகிலேயே கிடையாது என்று மார் தட்டுபவை.
இரண்டுக்கும் மாற்றுக் கருத்து கொள்பவர்களை எதிரி என்றுதான் பார்க்கத் தெரியும், ஒரு வேளை அவர்களுக்கும் நம் அளவு திறமை, தரிசனம், தொலை நோக்கு, ஆழ்சிந்தனை, மனிதாபிமானம், பகுத்தறிவு, மேலும் இதர மனித சாதனைத் திறன்கள் இருக்குமோ என்பது குறித்து எந்த சந்தேகமும் கிடையாது, அப்படி இருப்பதே சாத்தியமல்ல என்றுதான் முடிவு. அதற்கு மேல் போய நம்மவரே மனிதர், மற்றவர் மனிதரே அல்ல என்பது இரண்டு குழுக்களின் அறுதியான தீர்மானம்.
இந்த இரு குழுக்களும் பரஸ்பரம் என்ன நினைக்கிறார்கள் என்பதுதான் எனக்குப் புரியாத ஒன்று. இருவருக்கும் மற்ற குழுவின் அறிவு மீது, தேர்வுகள் மீது, கூட வாழ முடியாத சகிப்பற்ற தன்மை மீது சிறிதும் நம்பிக்கை கிடையாது. பின்னெப்படி இவர்கள் கை கோர்த்து நிற்கிறார்கள் என்றால் அது ஒரு வரலாற்று விபத்து என்றுதான் கொள்ள முடியும். சந்தர்ப்பவாதம் சரி, தற்காலிக நட்பும், முதுகில் குத்துவதும் சரி என்பன இவர்களுடைய அடிப்படை நெறிகள் கூட. எனவே எனக்கு இந்தக் கூட்டணி மீது எந்த வியப்பும் எழக் கூடாது. இஸ்லாமிசமும், மார்க்சியமும் உலகின் இரண்டு பெரும் நோய்கள். இரண்டுக்கும் ஒன்றை ஒன்று பிடித்திருப்பதில் வியப்பு ஏன் எழ வேண்டும்? மனித குலத்துக்கே சமாதி கட்டி விட்டுத்தான் இரண்டும் ஓயும். நாம் இவற்றை ஓய வைத்தாலொழிய இவற்றில் இருந்து நமக்கு விடுதலை சுலபத்தில் கிட்டாது.
கீழே உள்ள கட்டுரை இஸ்லாமிஸ்டுகள் அதுவும் வசதி ஓரளவு நன்றாகவே உள்ள மேலை நாடுகளில் வாழும் புலம்பெயர்ந்த மக்களான முஸ்லிம்கள் நடுவே இளைஞர்கள் ஏன் வன்முறையைத் தேர்ந்தெடுக்கிறார்கள், ஏன் மேலுயர்ந்து வருவதை, உதா: யூதர்களைப் போல, இந்தியர்களைப் போல, தேர்ந்தெடுப்பதில்லை என்ற ஒரு எளிய கேள்விக்குப் பதில் தேட முயல்கிறது.
படித்து விட்டு விமர்சனத்தை எழுதுங்கள். என் கருத்தை அடுத்த பதிவில் தெரிவிக்கிறேன்.
சூ.கா
http://chronicle.com/temp/email2.php?id=FS6bmprxZVgx9xvgWxhpm9ZwDNZ885gD
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| From the issue dated October 5, 2007 |
The Targets of Aggression
By DAVID P. BARASH
"Attend the tale of Sweeney Todd. He served a dark and an angry god." Thus begins Stephen Sondheim's masterpiece, Sweeney Todd: the Demon Barber of Fleet Street, a darkly comic tale of multiple murders and unwitting cannibalism. Who is this dark, angry god? And why did Todd serve him?
Set in Dickensian London, Sweeney Todd is the tale of a man whose lovely wife had the misfortune to catch the eye of a lecherous judge. To facilitate his evil designs, the judge has Sweeney transported to Australia, where he spends the next 15 years at hard labor. But the wronged fellow eventually escapes and returns to London, bereft of his wife, his daughter, and his reason for living. Not surprisingly, Todd vows revenge, and is about to get it just as Act I concludes. Facing lethal retribution from the enraged barber, the judge narrowly escapes, whereupon Todd slits someone else's throat instead, and then quite a few others. Sweeney Todd "takes it out" on the innocent citizens of London, butchering his clients (who then are baked into meat pies and sold to unsuspecting folk).
But this "god" is universal, and Todd is hardly alone in behaving this way. For as long as there have been human beings on earth — stretching back to our animal inheritance — we have been bedeviled by a peculiar need, as insistent as it has been tragic: Making others suffer for the pain we feel, often choosing as our victim someone who wasn't even the original perpetrator. Biologists call it "displaced" or "redirected" aggression. It operates through the transfer of pain, sometimes physical, sometimes psychological. And it has been going on for a very long time.
Consider The Iliad, which tells of many wrongs and their tragic consequencesin particular, the anger of Achilles as he reacts to the pain inflicted on him by Agamemnon, who took his woman, Briseis. With Achilles famously sulking in his tent, and the Greeks losing to the Trojans, Agamemnon attempts, unsuccessfully, to get the great warrior to fight. What finally moves Achilles to action is when he suffers additional pain — the loss of his friend/lover Patrocles — after which he vows, "I will not give you burial, Patrocles, until I carry back the gear and head of him who killed you, noble friend." But that's not all. Achilles is not satisfied with mere revenge (a behavior intimately linked to redirected aggression, as we'll see). He demands more, swearing that others — innocents — shall also suffer for his pain: "Before your funeral pyre I'll cut the throats of twelve resplendent children of the Trojans."
This story speaks passionately to us from the injured heart of redirected aggression: nearly always vengeful and brutal, and all too often tragically indifferent in its choice of victim, as well as insensitive to his or her suffering. Like Sweeney Todd, Achilles had been wronged, and, like Sweeney Todd, he "took it out" on innocent victims. Homer was certainly unaware of redirected aggression as scientists understand it today, as was Stephen Sondheim, in all likelihood. Both, however, were well versed in human nature.
Only one of Sweeney Todd's victims turns out to be the evil judge, and that only toward the end of the play, by which time dozens of innocent Londoners are dead. Moreover, Sweeney was not delusional: He was fully aware that his various "customers" had never harmed him, his wife, or his daughter. By the same token, Hector alone killed Patrocles, yet we are told that Achilles became a veritable killing machine, until the river Xanthus, choked with bodies of the Trojan dead, asked the gods to call him off.
Both cases involve a motivation more interesting, more complicated, and more irrational than mere revenge: When an individual suffers pain, he most often responds by passing it on to someone else. When possible, that "someone else" is the perpetrator, the original source of the pain. But if this cannot be achieved, then others are liable to be victimized, regardless of innocence.
Usually the wheels of mayhem are set in motion when someone is wronged, and typically the deeper the wrong, the more bloody the response. It is noteworthy that even here, in works of the imagination (where, one might think, anything goes), only rarely are bad guys presented as doing evil for evil's sake: the mustache-twirling villain who gleefully ties the heroine to the railroad tracks because he is simply cruel, and that's that. Almost inevitably, for a bad character to be believable, he or she must be shown to have suffered some injury. Then it all makes sense.
Redirected aggression — the passing of pain from one victim to another — is not merely the stuff of literature and drama. Art reflects our world, and sadly, the urge to pass along pain lurks behind modern warfare no less than it did behind medieval pageantry, leaving its mark in the genocidal wars of the 20th century as well as those that threaten to overwhelm the 21st. It underlies many of the most prominent, enduring themes of literature, history, anthropology, psychology, and religion. It haunts our criminal courts, our streets, our battlefields, our homes, our hearts. There is nothing new about the phenomenon. Much is new, on the other hand, in our ability to understand it.
Place a rat in a cage with an electrified floor and subject it to repeated shocks. Not surprisingly, the poor animal will show many signs of stress, at first flinging itself against the walls with each shock. But after a while, it just sits there apathetically, showing no inclination to escape from its painful prison. When autopsied, the animal will be found to have oversized adrenal glands and, frequently, stomach ulcers, both indicating serious stress.
Now repeat the experiment, but with a wooden stick in the cage alongside the rat. When shocked, the rat chews on the stick, and as a result, it can endure its experience much longer without burnout. Moreover, at autopsy, its adrenal glands are smaller, stomach ulcers fewer. The rat buffered itself against the stress merely by chewing on the stick, even though doing so does nothing to get it out of its predicament.
Finally, put two rats in the electrified cage. Shock them both. They snarl and fight. Do it again, and keep doing it; they keep fighting. Yet at autopsy, their adrenal glands are normal, and, moreover, even though they have experienced numerous shocks, they have no ulcers. When animals respond to stress and pain by redirecting their aggression outside themselves, whether biting a stick or, better yet, another individual, it appears that they are protecting themselves from stress. By passing their pain along, such animals minister to their own needs. Although a far cry from being ethically "good," it is definitely "natural."
Redirected aggression does not simply derive from irrationality or human nastiness, but — along with retaliation and revenge — is entrenched in the very fabric of the natural world, part of a continuum involving nature's response to pain. The biology of redirected aggression goes a long way toward explaining not only its apparent senselessness but its universality as well. It shows up across the ages, as we've seen, across cultures, and across social units, from individuals to communities to nations.
The journalist Lawrence Weschler, writing in The New Yorker, described the effect of redirected aggression on an entire community, the Bosnian town of Banja Luka. Although it used to consist of a majority of Muslims, when Weschler arrived, nearly all of them had just been murdered or driven out ("cleansed") by their Serb neighbors:
"As I was standing alongside the rubble-strewn parking lot on the site of what had until recently been one of the most splendid ancient mosques west of Istanbul, I asked a passing Serb student by what justification this and all the other mosques in town had been leveled. 'Because of what the Ustasha did to us during the Second World Warthey leveled our Orthodox churches,' he replied without the slightest hesitation. But the Ustasha were Croats. I somehow felt transported into a Three Stooges movie: Moe wallops Larry, who then feels entirely justified in turning around and smashing Curly."
Weschler's description offers a perfect summary of redirected aggression, comic if it weren't often so tragic. And although it might be tempting to relegate such actions to other cultures, more violent or perhaps less sophisticated than our own, 21st-century Americans are not immune to redirected aggression. Consider Iraq.
It is clear that Saddam Hussein was in no way connected with the events of September 11, 2001, but in the mind of the American people, the agony of that attack demanded that something be done — preferably something violent — and, moreover, that someone be held accountable and made to suffer. Afghanistan's Taliban had been trounced, but America's pain demanded more.
Thomas Friedman, writing in The New York Times in June 2003, noted that "the 'real reason' for this war, which was never stated, was that after 9/11 America needed to stick it to someone in the Arab-Muslim world. ... Smashing Saudi Arabia or Syria would have been fine. But we attacked Saddam for one simple reason: because we could, and because he deserved it, and because he was right in the heart of that world." According to the U.N.'s former chief weapons inspector Hans Blix, in his recent book, Disarming Iraq, "It is clear that the U.S. determination to take on Iraq was not triggered by anything Iraq did, but by the wounds inflicted by al-Qaeda."
Not coincidentally, here is a little ditty that made its way around the Internet in the late winter of 2003, just before the invasion of Iraq (to the tune of "If You're Happy and You Know It, Clap Your Hands"):
If you cannot find Osama, bomb Iraq.
If the market's hurt your Momma, bomb Iraq.
If the terrorists are Saudi, and they've repossessed your Audi,
And you're feeling kinda rowdy, bomb Iraq!
The bombing and subsequent invasion of Iraq was an immense blunder, but — at its initiation, at least — a success insofar as it accurately gauged and responded to the eagerness (even, perhaps, the need) of many Americans to redirect their post-9/11 pain. It feels bad to be a victim, but the pain can often be somewhat assuaged by victimizing someone else in turn.
Recently physiologists have uncovered the hormonal basis for such behavior. Animals and people subjected to attack or threat experience "subordination stress," as a result of which their adrenal hormones go up, along with blood pressure and the probability of developing ulcers. But — and this is crucial — when given the opportunity to "take it out" on someone else, victims show no sign of stress. By passing along their pain, they modulate their own internal distress while generating trouble for the next ones down the line. Think, the biologist Robert Sapolsky suggests, of the fellow who doesn't get ulcers but causes them!
As to the evolutionary advantage of such a system, it seems clear that individuals who respond to painful situations by striking out at someone else have been more successful than those who sit back and "take it," because such individuals are less likely to be victimized the next time around. In social species, including our own, individuals are exquisitely sensitive to a variant of Lenin's dictum "who, whom?" The cost of being victimized includes a loss of reputation; that is, being seen as exploitable: Who did what to whom, and what happened as a result? Evolution would most likely reward victims who — even if unable to retaliate against the actual perpetrator — conspicuously "take it out" on someone else.
To understand how and why people engage in redirected aggression is to gain insight into seemingly disconnected events. For example, the power and ubiquity of scapegoating are revealed afresh: from Old Testament accounts in which the transgressions and sins of the people were placed upon the head of a goat, which was then slaughtered or driven away, to current psychological theory whereby families often establish a "designated transgressor" who is blamed for any dysfunction. At the societal level, African-Americans have undoubtedly been the foremost recipients of that dubious honor: In a now-classic study, the psychologists Carl Hovland and Robert Sears found that they could predict the number of Southern lynchings occurring during any given year between 1882 and 1930 simply by knowing the price of cotton. When cotton went down, the frequency of lynchings went up. Not that white Southern racists literally blamed African-Americans every time cotton prices declined; rather, a bad economy led to an outpouring of anger, resentment, and frustration, which was then turned against a conspicuous and powerless minority. The economic and social pain of poor whites was passed on to blacks, without any conscious awareness of the scapegoating involved. The situation was clearly cultural, the process all too "natural."
We might also want to reconsider "justice" and ask what is really going on when victims demand punishment, nearly always claiming, of course, that they are not out for revenge. But, in fact, aren't they insisting — although not in so many words — that their pain be offloaded onto someone else? Once the wheels of pain have begun to spin, what really seems to matter is that someone — anyone — must suffer, must be made to "pay." By the same token, consider the fact that crime victims typically resent the presence of exculpatory evidence, which is likely to lead to an acquittal: If their interest were simply in seeing justice done, shouldn't they applaud any information that makes it less likely that an innocent person might be punished, and thus more likely that the criminal-justice system will instead spend its energy on finding the real culprit? It appears that the accumulated burden of physiology, evolution, and cultural expectation is so great that redirected aggression typically feels better than no response at all. Revealingly, there is a deep insistence on the part of victims and their families that — by virtue of their suffering — they are entitled to a defendant's punishment, almost without regard to the matter of guilt. Moreover, the urge among victims to redirect their aggression is so strong that society steps in to make sure that this powerful impulse is handled decorously.
Modern science may even owe its existence to scapegoating, or, rather, to those who were able to overcome the urge to redirect their anger and pain. The argument, in brief, is that when bad things have happened to innocent people, there has been a powerful tendency for those people to seek someone, or some group, to blame. And so Jews were slaughtered during the Great Plague, and accused witches were especially likely to be burned whenever times were hard. By taking out their pain on such supposed transgressors, a burden was lifted from the suffering survivors. Today, of course, we know that people get sick because of disease organisms, not the "evil eye." The point is that in order for science as we now understand it to have developed, it may well have been necessary for people to stop looking for the causes of disasters — and thus of their pain — in scapegoats and to begin searching in the natural world. In short, we didn't so much stop burning witches because we had developed science, but ra-ther, we developed science only when we were able to get beyond burning witches.
Denying this impulse has been harder than one might think, since it not only invites physiological and evolutionary distress but also opens other vulnerabilities. ("To err is human," quipped S.J. Perelman, "to forgive, supine.") Thus it is one thing to espouse compassion and nonviolence, but we live in the real world, which contains threatening, dangerous, and hurtful individuals, requiring that we ask some hard questions. Such as: What should be done about violent transgressors, notably sociopaths and other perpetrators of evil, those with "poisonous personalities" who act upon their venom? If it is not acceptable to pass along our pain, how should we respond? What will provide order, security, and personal satisfaction, as well as minimizing subordination stress, without simply passing along the pain of the victimized? And without creating new victims?
That leads to another difficult question: If people who seek to hurt others are doing so because they have themselves been hurt, does that diminish their responsibility or guilt? Should we pity the poor perpetrator? Are all victimizers themselves previous victims? And what if they are? Does that let them off the hook? When does passing the pain become passing the buck?
Fortunately, there are ways out of the pain-passing trap. Redirected aggression — and to some extent, violence generally — isn't inevitable, even though, because of our deeper inclinations, forgiveness is difficult. The world's great ethical systems have long struggled to define an acceptable defense of victims that preserves personal and collective security without falling into excess. That challenge is particularly appropriate at a time when the word "evil" is bandied about by politicians and extremists to condone war and terrorism, no less than wars against terrorism. Hence we might all be well advised to explore not only how pain and aggression are typically misplaced or displaced, but also how they should be placedwhich is to say, the same way that porcupines are reputed to make love: very carefully.
The world's oldest wisdom traditions have long been concerned with just that. Pain is prominent in Buddhism, which is founded upon the recognition that suffering is ubiquitous and unavoidable, yet can be minimized. The first of Buddhism's "Four Noble Truths," that life inevitably entails pain, is followed immediately by specific methods to reduce suffering, called the "the Eightfold Path." In addition, among the fundamental teachings of Mahayana Buddhism is the kshanti paramita: "the capacity to receive, bear, and transform the pain inflicted on you by your enemies and also by those who love you."
Christian tradition, too, venerates and validates the role of pain. Christ's agony is widely taken as crucially related to God's redemption of humanity. Hidden within dense layers of theology is this equation, one that is, however, rarely made explicit: the more pain (the more suffering on the part of Jesus), the more redemption for the rest of us. But why? Perhaps because the crucifixion of Christ, who is considered the epitome of innocence, provides an especially potent example of scapegoating as a route to social cleansing. Insofar as Christ suffered ("for our sins"), does that suffering enhance the social, personal, and even biochemical status of the rest of us, helping to overcome subordination stress among his followers?
In a masterpiece of painfully accurate revelation, G.K. Chesterton once wrote that Christianity hasn't been tried and found wanting; rather, it has been found difficult and left untried. Never has that been more true than in cases of personal pain and our reaction to it. Thus, Jesus urged us to love our enemies, and, if slapped, to turn the other cheek. But for millennia — before Jesus and after — hu-man beings and their animal brethren have been far more likely to respond to pain and injury with a retaliating barrage of the same sort, generating yet more injury, more pain.
Perhaps Jesus did not entirely appreciate the magnitude of the demand he was making upon Homo sapiens, because in asking his followers to refrain from retaliation — to absorb pain without passing it on to someone else — he was asking people to inhibit one of their most widely shared, deep-seated inclinations. Nonetheless, potential solutions are all based on an equally deep, equally shared truth: that human beings, perhaps unique among animals, are capable, at least on occasion, and once the issues are made clear, of acting against the promptings of their often troublesome bio-logic.
David P. Barash's most recent book, Natural Selections: Selfish Altruists, Honest Liars, and Other Realities of Evolution, based largely on his collected Chronicle pieces, will be published this month by Bellevue Literary Press. He is working on a book about redirected aggression.
October 11, 2007
கறுப்பரா வெள்ளையரா, இறந்த விமர்சகரின் இன் மூலம் பற்றிய ஆராய்ச்சி
யூதர்கள், ஐரிஷ் மக்கள், இத்தாலியர், கிரேக்கர் எல்லாம் கூட ஒரு கட்டத்தில் வெள்ளையர் என்று கருதப் படவில்லை. மெல்ல மெல்லத்தான் அவர்கள் வெள்ளையராக ஓரளவு அங்கீகாரம் பெற்றிருக்கின்றனர். அராபியர்கள், பெர்சியர் (இரானியர்), துருக்கியர் போன்றவர்களில் பலர் வெள்ளையர் போலத்தான் இருக்கின்றனர். ஆனால் அவர்கள் மரபணு சோதனையில் சிறு சிறு வேறுபாடுகள் கொண்டு தெரிவர்.
மரபணுக்களைப் பொறுத்து சுமார் 99.999 சதவீதம் அனைத்து மக்களும் ஒரே போன்றவர் என்று ஒரு சமீபத்திய அறிவியல் கட்டுரை சொல்கிறது. [இதன் விவரம் அடுத்த பதிவில் கொடுக்கிறேன்.] சுமார் 0.001 சதவீதம் வேறுபாட்டை வைத்து ஒருவரை வேற்று இனம் என்று கருதி வெறுப்பதோ ஒதுக்குவதோ அறிவு சார்ந்த செயலாக எனக்குத் தோன்றவில்லை.
ஒருவரின் மதம், நடத்தை, கருத்துகள், அரசியல் நிலை, பாலுறவு வகைத் தேர்வு, பொருள் வசதி போன்ற வெளிக் காரணிகளால் நட்பாகவோ, பொருந்தாதவராகவோ நாம் கருதுவதில் ஏதோ அர்த்தம் இருக்கலாம். ஏனெனில் இவை ஏதோ விதத்தில் நம்மைப் பாதிக்கக் கூடும்.
ஆனால் இனம் என்பது முற்றிலும் கற்பிதமா என்று ஒரு கேள்வியை நாம் கேட்க வேண்டும்.
இன்றைய ஜெர்மனியில் கூட இன்னமும் யூத எதிர்ப்பு அரசியல் இருந்து வருகிறது. இதில் அபத்தம் என்னவென்றால் இன்று ஜெர்மனியில் யூத எதிர்ப்பை வலுவாக்கி வருபவர்கள் யூதர்களுடைய அண்டை நாடுகளில் இருந்து ஜெர்மனிக்குப் புலம் பெயர்ந்த அராபியர், துருக்கர் மேலும் இதர முஸ்லிம்கள். யூதர்களை அழிப்பது சரியே என்று குரல் கொடுக்கும் இவர்களின் அறியாமை எல்லையற்ற படுகுழி.
இந்தியாவில் ஜாதி வேறுபாடுகள் எல்லாம் இருந்தாலும் அது இன வேறுபாடாக உருமாற்றிக் காட்டப் படுவது நடந்தது யூரோப்பியரின் ஆதிக்க காலத்தில் இந்து சமுதாயத்தை உடைக்க ஏதாவது ஒரு நெம்புகோல் தேடிய கிருத்தவ வெள்ளையர்களின் முயற்சியால்தான். தமிழகத்தில் இன்று ஆதிக்கம் செலுத்தும் திராவிட அரசியலின் ஆணி வேரே கால்டுவெல்லின் இனவெறி மொழியியல் ஆய்வுதான். அதன் மூலம் யூரோப்பிய இனவெறி கருத்தாக்கம் என்பதை அறிந்தவர்கள்தான் திராவிட இயக்கத்தினரும் அதன் பாதந்தாங்கிகளும் .
இன்று இனம் என்பதே கிடையாது என்று வாதமிடும் உலக இடது சாரிகளுக்கு நேர் எதிரான நிலையில் உள்ளவர்கள் இந்திய இடது சாரியினர். இன்னமும் ஆரிய திராவிட இன வெறி அரசியலுக்க்குத் தூபம் போட்டு வளர்க்கும் கேவலத்தை உவந்து செய்து வருகின்றனர். இதில் உலக அரங்கில் பெரும் கருத்தியலாளர் என்று வலம் வரும் 'சிந்தனையாளர்கள்' பலரும் உண்டு. இவர்களைக் குறித்து பின்னால் பார்ப்போம்.
இனம் என்பது ஒன்று உண்டா இல்லையா என்று இடது சாரிகளைக் கேட்டால் பலவிதமான உளறலான கருத்துகள் கிட்டும். உலக மக்கள் அனைவரும் ஒன்று என்று ஒரு பக்கமும், இனத்தால் அவர்கள் வேறு வேறு என்றும் ஒரே நேரம் எதிரெதிர் கருத்துகளை வைத்திருக்கும் ஒரு 'பகுத்தறிவான' கூட்டம் அது.
கீழே உள்ள ஒரு கட்டுரை ஒரு அமெரிக்க இலக்கிய விமர்சகரின் விசித்திரமான வாழ்வைப் பற்றியது. அவர் கறுப்பரா, வெள்ளையரா என்பது அவ்வளவு தெளிவாக இல்லை. அவர் தன் வாழ்வை ஒரு வெள்ளையர் போல வாழ்ந்து முடித்தார் என்றாலும் அவருடைய மகளுக்கு இறுதியில் அவருடைய பின்னாளில் அவர் ஒரு கறுப்பர் குடும்பத்தில் பிறந்தவர் என்று தெரிய வருகிறது. அல்லது கருப்பு மூதாதையர் தமக்கு உண்டு என்று தெரிய வருகிறது.
அவர் இறந்து ஆறு வருடங்களுக்குப் பிறகு அவருடைய பெண் சமீபத்தில் வெளியிட்ட ஒரு நூலின் விமர்சனம் கீழே. இது வாஷிங்டன் போஸ்ட் பத்திரிகையில் வந்த ஒரு விமர்சனம்.
இதில் இனம் என்பது ஒன்று உண்டா என்ற கேள்வி அடித்துத் துவைக்கப் படுகிறது. மரபணுக்கள் மூலமாக இனம் என்பதை நிறுவ முடியும் என்ற கருத்தையே இந்த விமர்சகர் எதிர்க்கிறார்.
தமிழகத்திலும், இந்தியாவிலும் பல இடது சாரிகள் மரபணு ஆய்வு மூலம் இந்த ஆரிய திராவிட வரலாறுக்கு ஆதாரம் தேடத் துவங்கி இருக்கும் இந்தக் கால கட்டத்தில் இந்தக் கட்டுரை என்ன வழி காட்டும் என்று எனக்கு யோசனையாக இருக்கிறது.
அறிவியல் பிரச்சினைக்கு இலக்கிய விமர்சனம் வழி காட்ட மூடியாதுதான். ஆனால் வாழ்க்கை என்பது அறிவியலின் கருவிகளைத் தாண்டிய கடும் சிக்கல்கள் நிறைந்தது.
படித்து விட்டு விமர்சனம் அனுப்புங்கள்.
சூ.கா.
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Jonathan Yardley
A father and daughter, torn between racial boundaries.
By Jonathan Yardley
Sunday, September 30, 2007; BW15
ONE DROP
My Father's Hidden Life -- A Story of Race and Family Secrets
By Bliss Broyard
Little, Brown. 514 pp. $24.99
For most of the 1970s and '80s, Anatole Broyard was a staff book critic for the New York Times, writing two or three reviews a week for its daily pages, as opposed to its Sunday book section. My own career in that same line of work was just getting under way, and I paid close attention to what he was doing. He obviously was intelligent and erudite, but I sometimes felt that he was more interested in showing his technical skills than in giving books deep, fair readings. Still, he enjoyed considerable influence and was widely known in literary circles.
Broyard died in October 1990 after a long, painful and debilitating struggle against cancer, but continuing interest in him was insured by the disclosure that he was, as his wife told their two adult children, "part black." According to Bliss Broyard, "My mother explained that my father had 'mixed blood,' and his parents were both light-skinned Creoles from New Orleans, where race-mixing had been common. She said that his parents had to pass for white in order to get work in 1930s New York, which confused my father about what their family was, or was supposed to be." Broyard's response to this, as he moved from Brooklyn to Greenwich Village and began to live a bohemian life in the postwar years, was to "pass for white." He did so for the rest of his life, though many who knew him were aware, or suspected, that his racial identity was not precisely as he presented it.
Six years after Broyard's death, the New Yorker published an article by Henry Louis Gates, the well-known professor of African American studies, called "The Passing of Anatole Broyard," which was, predictably, the cause of much heated gossip in literary, journalistic and publishing circles. Now Broyard is back in the news with the appearance of this family history and memoir by his daughter. One Drop, Bliss Broyard tells us, takes its title from "the 'one-drop rule,' which classified as black any Americans with the tiniest fraction -- just one drop -- of 'black blood.' It had grown out of a practice dating back to slavery known as hypodescent, which assigned someone of mixed parentage to the lower-status race, and had become the legal and social custom in the era of legalized 'Jim Crow' segregation." The book is an account of her effort to discover just "how black" her father was and thus, obviously, "how black" she is.
It's a peculiar book. The author's sincerity and honesty are evident and appealing, and her subject is of continuing interest and importance even now, when an appreciable amount of heat has been drained from our old obsessions and fears about race. The problem is that One Drop is actually at least five books -- her father's story, her own story, her family's story, the story of "passing" and the story of racial identity in the United States -- and its author doesn't do a very good job of weaving them together into a seamless, coherent narrative. For well over 100 pages, she wanders this way and that, telling this story and that, interviewing this person and that, circling around the one story of greatest interest -- her father's -- but never really pouncing on it. Then she takes a detour of nearly 200 pages to explore the Broyard family's history in New Orleans. Not until she gets past page 300 does she finally focus fully on her father, and one can't help wondering how many readers she will have lost by then.
"My father had left behind so much unfinished business," she writes, and her hope is to wrap it up. This would be a difficult task in any circumstances, but it is all the more so in this case because of the exceedingly complex life, character and legacy of Anatole Broyard. He was by most accounts immensely charming and energetic, positively catnip to women (and quick to take advantage of it). But he was also boastful and vain, as well as an operator who, as one friend told Gates, was " exorbitantly in control" and "fastidious about managing things." Thus it is extremely difficult, for example, to figure out why he chose to pass for white, or to get much sense of how this choice weighed on him, as anecdotal evidence suggests it did.
He was born in New Orleans in 1920, into a family that had been there since the early 1750s when Etienne Broyard, "a white man from France . . . landed in the Louisiana Territory." Within a century "the Broyards had begun to be identified in public records as mulatto or free people of color." Bliss Broyard's research has convinced her that "the moment of mixing in the Broyard family" occurred in 1855, when her great-great-grandfather married a free woman of color. Her account of how subsequent generations of the family dealt with (or ignored) this legacy is interesting, but she insists on larding it up with a boilerplate history of American laws, controversies and customs regarding race. By her own honest admission she knew almost nothing about race in America until her father's secret was revealed, and to her credit she studied it closely; it really was not necessary, though, to regurgitate so much of what she learned -- most of which will be familiar to many readers -- in this book, which is too long by about 150 pages.
It's also unfortunate that she spends so much time fretting about her racial identity. The notion of crossing "from white to the other side" clearly has some appeal for her, and when her New Orleans relatives call her "pure white," she is uncomfortable, yet she just can't let go: "It had been nearly a decade since my father had died, since I'd learned of his -- and my -- African ancestry, since I'd begun reading and learning and talking about race. And despite my glimmerings of double consciousness, I didn't yet feel black. I was still waiting for an 'Aha!' moment, an affirmation of this identity down deep in my bones." Fortunately, within just a few pages of this unbearably PC declaration, Broyard admits that "the thought of how blinded I'd been in my obsession to find a slave ancestor made me feel sick with shame," which redeems her, as does this:
"I hated the image of myself in [a black acquaintance's] eyes -- a silly white girl making a big fuss over nothing. I hated how uncertain I became when trying to locate myself on this racial landscape or even recognize its terrain. Torn between trying to pinpoint the boundaries between black and white and an urge to deny their existence at all, I was caught in a dialectical tug-of-war. The futility of my efforts reminded me of a skit I once saw in which a man kept moving a wooden chair around an empty white room, unable to find a spot that suited him, despite their being all the same."
As she seems finally to have understood, the whole notion of race is fraught with ambiguity. I won't reveal the results of the DNA tests she finally had done, but what they proved more than anything else is that racial identity is a complete mare's nest. In issues of race as in so many others, "Know thyself" is an injunction almost impossible to obey. Notions of racial purity are as false as notions of racial impurity; there's no such thing, though much of human history has been frittered away by people trying to legitimize race as the defining element in what passes for civilization.
Still, it's not really surprising that Anatole Broyard chose to live as he did. He didn't look in the least bit "black," and he wanted to enter the world of literature, which in the 1940s and '50s in this country was patently "white." He placed personal ambition ahead of racial identity or racial solidarity or whatever one cares to call it, and his daughter makes a pretty solid argument for him: "My father truly believed that there wasn't any essential difference between blacks and whites and that the only person responsible for who he was supposed to be was himself." To be sure, a black friend had a point when he "sniped that my dad was black when he entered the subway in Brooklyn and white when he got out at West Fourth Street in Manhattan," but that's the choice he made, and he managed to live with it.
His daughter asks: "Was my father's choice rooted in self-preservation or in self-hatred? Did it strike a blow for individualism or for discrimination? Was he a hero or a cad?" Those are good questions, and as Bliss Broyard well understands, they can never be definitively answered, though my own hunch is that "All of the above" gets somewhere close to the truth. *
Jonathan Yardley's e-mail address is yardleyj@washpost.com.
© 2007 The Washington Post Company
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சில வாசகர்கள் மேற்கண்ட கட்டுரைக்குத் தம் மறுவினையைத் தந்திருக்கிறார்கள். அவற்றில் ஒன்றைத் தருகிறேன்.
ONE DROP My Father's Hidden Life -- A Story of Race and Family Secrets
By Jonathan Yardley -
White by Definition: Social Classification in Creole Louisiana by Virginia R. Dominguez and Legal History of the Color Line: The Rise And Triumph of the One-drop Rule by Frank W. Sweet and Passing for Who You Really Are.
Bliss disappointed me greatly by seeming to buy into the old canard that there is something immoral about a person with even a small amount of "black" ancestry identifying himself as "white." Hello, Bliss. Have you heard of Latinos and Arabs? They are almost always partially of sub-Saharan African ancestry but don't call themselves "black." Most of them identify as "white" on the census and other forms. You live in New York City, which has more "mulattoes" than New Orleans. However, because they are also Puerto Ricans, their "black blood" doesn't count? Why?
Many reviewers in the media have painted Anatole Broyard as a villain who deprived his children of some kind of wonderful heritage. I side with Anatole. First, he was not "black" and he would have been guilty of emotional abuse if he had taught his children to embrace a false racial identity invented as a stigma. A few say that he should have taught them about their wonderful Creole heritage. Why? It is a dying ethnicity and its people are being assimilated by force into the "black" fold. Creoles either go as "black" or "white." The few remaining Creoles who seek an in-between path are dying out and have no political power. I also noted, from reading the book, that Bliss is a very emotional, impressionable person. She was too full of liberal guilt and easily enamoured of anything "black" as a grown woman. I shudder to think how she would have reacted as a teenager or child. Her brother Todd seems to be far more stable. There is no evidence that the great revelation that his father was "tarbrushed" caused him to change his identity or indulge in racial angst.
There is a scene in the book where Alexandra Broyard (the supposedly "pure white" Norwegian-American mother of Bliss and Todd) discovers that she has partial Native American ancestry. It is interesting to her, but she has no plans to change her identity or even check more "race" boxes on those omnipresent forms. She is like most white Americans in that regard, since American Indian ancestry is not presented as a source og genetic inferiority that destroys forever one's European heritage or right to call oneself "white." Shouldn't "black" ancestry in white people be decriminalized and treated like American Indian ancestry?
September 03, 2007
ரஷ்ய, கிழக்கைரோப்பிய, மேலை கம்யூனிஸ்டுகள் வடித்த இருண்ட உலகம்
இப்போது ஒரு புத்தகம். 2007 இல் வெளி வந்தது. விவரம் இதோ:
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comrades! a history of world communism
//// By Robert Service
////// harvard university Press • 2007 • 582 pages • $35
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மைகெல் காஸின் எழுதியது ஒரு சிறு புத்தக விமர்சனம்தான்; ஆனால் அதற்கு மேல் போய் கம்யூனிச நாடுகள் எப்படித் தம் மக்களை ஒரு இருண்ட வாழ்வில் ஆழ்த்தின என்பதையும், மேலை தாராள வாத சிந்தனையாளரும் செயலூக்கம் கொண்ட மனிதர்களும் எப்படி கம்யூனிசத்தின் கொள்கைகளைத் தமதாக வரித்துக் கொண்டு கம்யூனிஸ்டு நாடுகளுக்குத் தவறான புரிதலில் குடை பிடித்தார்கள், பின் எப்படி தம் முட்டாள்தனத்தைப் புரிந்து கொண்டு விலகினார்கள் என்பதை எல்லாம் சுருக்கமாக விவரிக்கிறார். சில மேற்கோள் பத்திகள் இங்கே:
Comrades! makes no original argument and contains only a smattering of new evidence. Still, it is valuable to have the whole grim, brutal record laid out in one thick volume covering everything from the downfall of Czarism to the oddball tyranny of North Korea’s Kim Jong Il. To learn about the millions who starved after Mao Zedong decreed the rapid industrialization of rural China or about the 4,500 chandeliers that glittered in the palace of strongman Nicolae Ceausescu in Romania (a country where the masses lacked reliable electricity) should dispel any myths about the morality of communist rule. Service has written a textbook with a bad attitude, and his stance is fully justified by the facts.
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But a funny thing happened on the way to the barricades: Most communists in Western Europe, Japan, and the Americas gradually became cheerleaders for liberal ideals and social-democratic policies themselves. Party leaders realized that, even among the millions who voted for CP candidates, there were few who longed to repeat the Soviet "experiment" in the fields of Tuscany or the blue-collar suburbs of Paris or São Paulo. By the 1960s, communists in the industrial West tended to speak about revolution the way Unitarians talk about God–as a source of one’s principles but not a factor in one’s future. The leaders of the French Communist Party even labeled the student radicals of 1968 foes of the working class and tried, unsuccessfully, to stop union members from engaging in their own strike against the government. Notwithstanding the Cold War, meaningful distinctions between the domestic policies of socialists and communists had dissolved before the Soviet empire collapsed two decades later.
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Robert Service concludes his book with a warning. Leaders from Hitler to Saddam Hussein to Osama Bin Laden may have hated communism and worked for its annihilation, he writes. "Yet they were influenced by communist precedents even while regarding it as a plague bacillus. Communism has proved to have metastasizing features. It will have a long afterlife even when the last communist state has disappeared." But, for all his learning, Service’s grasp of history is both too short and too narrow. Thought-controlling tyrannies existed long before the consolidation of the October Revolution, and the persistence of the breed has little to do with the rise or fall of either the USSR or those regimes that survive in East Asia and Cuba who trace their origins to the Bolshevik example. Similarly, the egalitarian vision that once filled such people with a will to power and self-sacrifice predated communism as well. The eclipse of the ideology described in Comrades! just initiated a new phase in an ancient, and agonizing, conflict. It neither extinguished the hope for a pure moral order nor the peril of allowing those who believe in such a dream to capture state power.
Michael Kazin
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இவ்வளவு காரமாக எழுதினாலும் காஸின் கம்யூனிசம் என்ற துர்க்கனவு எப்படி மேலை முதலாளியங்களையும் வேறு சில அரசியலமைப்புகளையும் தம் மக்களில் சாதாரண மக்களுக்கு நல் வாழ்வு தருவது அவசியம் என்று உணர வைத்தன என்பதைச் சுட்டுகிறார். கடைசிக் கம்யூனிஸ்டு இறந்த பின்னும் இந்தக் கருத்தியலின் விளைவுகள் நெடுநாள் உலக அரசியலில் தென்படும் என்றும் அது உடலுக்கும் ஒரு நோயெதிர்ப்பு சக்தியைத் தூண்டும் வைரஸுடைய விளைவு போல என்றும் சுட்டுகிறார்.
இதை மட்டும் படிக்காது சர்வீஸுடைய புத்தகத்தையும் படியுங்கள்.
கட்டுரையின் சுட்டி இதோ:
http://www.democracyjournal.org/printfriendly.php?ID=6537
அமெரிக்காவில் நம்பிக்கை இழப்பும் அரசியல் மாறுதல்களும்
ஊகச் சிந்தனையும் அலசல் சிந்தனையும் கை கோர்க்கும் போது கூடுதலான தெளிவும், உறுதிப்பாடும் கிட்டுகின்றன.
சில வரிகள் இக்கட்டுரையில் இருந்து மேற்கோளாக இதோ:
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George W. Bush’s stubborn certitudes–about Iraq, about executive power, about the readiness of peoples everywhere to embrace democracy–have created a bull market for doubt, not least among conservatives. While there is still no shortage of assured conviction in American politics, it has become intellectually fashionable to place doubt at the heart of one’s political principles. Atlantic senior editor Andrew Sullivan has filled his blog–and his most recent book–with a call for a renewed place for doubt in conservative politics, drawing on everyone from Socrates to the twentieth-century British philosopher Michael Oakeshott. Likewise, many liberals, and in particular those hawks left soul-searching by their erstwhile support for the Iraq war, have turned to ancestral liberal doubters, most notably the theologian Reinhold Niebuhr, for intellectual succor.
மேற்கோள் முடிவு.
இனி போய்ப் படிக்கச் சுட்டி இதோ:
http://www.democracyjournal.org/article.php?ID=6532
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படித்து விட்டு உங்கள் கருத்துகளை இங்கு பதியுங்கள், அல்லது மின்னஞ்சலில் எனக்கு அனுப்புங்கள்
August 30, 2007
உள்ளூக முடிவுகள் சரியாக இருக்கும்- அலசி முடிவு கட்டுவது ஒன்றுதான் வழி என்றில்லை
அதேபோல அமெரிக்காவில் கிருத்தவம் மீதூக்கிய பண்பாடு நிலவுகிறது. அந்தப் பண்பாட்டு இம் மக்களை ஒரு சேரக் கட்டி வைத்து (பெரும் வளமிக்க நாடாக ஆனாலும் இன்னமும் உள்பிளவுகளால் உடையாமல்) காத்திருக்கிறது எனலாம். அவற்றிற்கு மேல் சேர்ந்த பல நாடுகளின் சமுக வழக்கங்கள் மேலும் மதிப்பீடுகள் எல்லாவற்றையும் அனுமதித்து அவற்றை அழிக்காமல் ஒரு அளவில் தன் மேல் பூச்சாக வைத்திருக்கிறது.
ஆனால் இப்போது அவர்கள் தம் நாகரிகத்தின் அடிப்படைகளைப் பற்றி துளைக்கும் கேள்விகள் கேட்கத் துவங்கி இருப்பது போல இருக்கிறது. நாகரிகத்தின் அடிப்படையாக இத்தனை நாள் இருந்த வெள்ளைத் தோல் அல்லது இனப் பற்றுதல், தீவிரக் கிருத்தவம், சுயமையத் தேசியம், உலகம் எக்கேடு கெட்டாலென்ன எம் நாடு சுகமாக இருப்பதுதான் அவசியம், உலகில் இதர நாடுகள் கீழே இருப்பதற்கு அவற்றில் உள்ள மக்களுக்குத் துப்பில்லாததுதான் காரணம் என்ற மனப் பான்மை ஆகியன மெள்ளக் குறைந்து நம் நாடு ஒன்றும் அலாதி இல்லை, மூன்றாம் உலக நாடுகளில் அல்லது (பொருளாதாரத்தில்) வளராத நாடுகளில் இருக்கும் பல பிரச்சினைகள் நம் நாட்டிலும் பல பகுதிகளிலும், பல சமுகக் குழுக்களிலும் இருக்கின்றன, ஏன் வெள்ளையரிலேயே ஒரு கணிசமான சதவீதம் மிக நலிவுற்று இருக்கிறார்கள் என்பன அவர்களுக்கு உறைக்கத் துவங்கி இருக்கின்றன.
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ஒரு நாற்பதாண்டுகள் முன்பு இவற்றை மூடி மறைத்து முதலாளியம் எல்லாவற்றையும் சரியாக்கி விடும் என்று சொல்லி இருப்பார்கள், இப்போது ஆபத் பாந்தவா, கிருத்துவே என்ப தெல்லாம் உதவாது, என் காலிலேயே நான் நிற்பதுதான் எனக்குப் பெருமை என்ற (கால்வினியப் பாரம்பரியமான ஒரு) கவைக்குதவாத அகம்பாவமும் உதவாது, நிலைமை மிகவும் க்ஷீணித்து வருகிறது, இதில் இருந்து தப்பிப் பிழைக்க சமுக அரசியல் பண்பாட்டுச் சூழலிலும் நிறுவனங்களிலும் ஆழ்ந்த மாற்றங்களைச் சாதிக்க வேண்டும் என்று கருத்தை ஒத்துக் கொள்ளவோ அல்லது குறைந்த பட்சம் கவனித்துப் பார்க்கவோ துவங்கி இருக்கிறார்கள். இதற்கு மேலே போய்ச் சில நுட்பத் தளங்களில் அடிப்படை உளவியல் மாறுதல்கள் ஏற்படுகின்றன. கீழே உள்ள ஒரு கட்டுரை இந்த நுட்ப மாறுதலைக் கவனிக்கிறது.
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அன்று உச்சத்தில் கர்வமாகவே அமர்ந்திருந்த அமெரிக்கருக்கு இன்று தாம் ஒன்றும் அத்தகைய உயர் பிறவிகள் அல்ல இதர மனிதர் போலத்தான் தாமும், சிறிது கவனமின்றி இருந்தாலே கூடத் தம் நாடு் சரிந்து தரை மட்டத்துக்கு வந்து விடும் சாதாரணம்தான், எனவே தமது கருவத்தை விட்டொழித்து மற்ற உலக மக்களின் பண்பாடுகள், போராட்டங்கள் ஆகியவற்றை மேலும் கவனத்தோடும், இழிவுணர்வின்றியும் அணுக வேண்டும் என்பது ஒரு கோட்பாடாக இப்போதுதான் தெரிய ஆரம்பித்திருக்கிறது.
சமீப காலமாக முதலாளியம் என்ற கருத்தே கேள்விக்குரியதாக ஆகி இருக்கிறது என்பது ஒரு பக்கம் இருக்கட்டும். அரசியல் சாசனம் கேள்விக்குரியதாகி இருக்கிறது, வெள்ளைத் இனமையச் சிந்தனை, கிருத்தவத் தீவிர வாதம், அரசுடைய இயக்கத்தில் உள்ள ரகசியத் தன்மை, மேல்தட்டு மனிதரின் கையில் அதிகாரமும் பணபலமும் குவிந்துள்ளமை, பாட்டாளிகளின் வாழ்க்கைத்தரம் குறைந்து வருவது, இவை எல்லாம் கேள்விக்குரியனவாகி இருக்கின்றன. ஆனால் இவை எவற்றாலும் பெரும் அடிப்படை மாறுதல்கள் ஏற்படவில்லை. என் கருத்தில், ஒரு அடிப்படை மாறுதல் எங்கு வந்துள்ளது என்றால், அது எப்படி மனித முடிவுகள் எடுக்கப் படுகின்றன, எந்த வகை முடிவெடுத்தல் நல்லது, சரி, மேலும் உபயோகமானது என்பதைப் பற்றிய கூட்டுக் குழுவின் வெளிப்படையாகச் சர்ச்சிக்கப் படாத ஒப்புமை உணர்வில் மாறுதல்கள் வந்திருக்கின்றன. இது குறித்துப் பல நூல்கள் வரத் துவங்கி இருக்கின்றன. இது ஒரு குறிப்பிடத் தக்க மாறுதல் என்று கருதுகிறேன். இந்த நூல்கள் வருவதற்குப் பல வருடங்கள் முன்பே இவற்றில் உள்ள கருத்துகள் சோதனைச் சாலைகளிலும், ஆய்வுக் கூடங்களிலும் ஆராயப்படத் துவங்கியாயிற்று. இந்த வகை ஆய்வுகள் இன்று நூல்களாக வருவதற்கு ஒரு காரணம் இன்றைய நிச்சயமற்ற பொருளாதார, பண்பாட்டுச் சூழல் என்பது மட்டுமல்ல. அமெரிக்க அரசும், பொருளாதார நிறுவனங்களும் உலகப் பொருளாதாரத்தில் வெறும் முஷ்டி பலத்தால் சதிகளால், பிற நாடுகளை உடைப்பதால், உலகச் சந்தையைத் தமக்குச் சாதகமாகத் தொடர்ந்து மாற்றுவதாலெல்லாம் வெல்ல முடியாது என்று ஒரு உணர்தல் வந்துள்ளதால் என்று சொல்லலாம்.
வெற்றி என்பது பல நேரம் வென்று பழகியவருக்கே கிட்டிக் கொண்டிருப்பதற்கு ஒரு காரணம் தான் வெல்வது பற்றிய சர்வ நிச்சயத்துடன் அவர்கள் இயங்குவதும், தொடர்ந்து முடிவெடுப்பதும் என்பன காரணங்களாகச் சுட்டப்படுகின்றன.
அந்த நிச்சய உணர்வு எங்கிருந்து வருகிறது என்பதை கீழ்க்கண்ட கட்டுரை ஒரு விதமாக விளக்குகிறது.
எப்படி? இக்கட்டுரையைப் படித்த பின் நீங்களே 'ஊகித்து முடிவு செய்து' அவற்றை எழுதிச் சொல்கிறீர்களா என்று பார்க்கிறேன்.
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http://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/28/science/28conv.html?ex=1189137600&en=fb0223301282a131&ei=5070&emc=eta1
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SCIENCE | August 28, 2007 |
August 29, 2007
பூமி உஷ்ணமாகிறதா- மறுப்பவர்களில் குறிப்பிடத்தக்க ஒருவரின் பேட்டி
இதில் சீனாவின் பெரும் வளர்ச்சி அல்லது ரஷ்யாவின் வளர்ச்சி அல்லது இஸ்லாமிய நாடுகளின் வளர்ச்சியை இக்கூட்டங்கள் அனேகமாக எதிர்ப்பதே இல்லை என்பது அவர்களுடைய அரசியால் சார்பு எத்தகையது என்று விளக்கும்.
ஆனால் சில உண்மையாக இயற்கை வளக் காவல் பற்றிக் கவலைப் படும் சிலராவது இந்த எதிர்ப்பணியில் இருப்பதால் அவர்கள் உலகெங்குமே பொருளாதாரா வளர்ச்சி என்ற பெயரில் இயற்கை வளங்கள், காடுகள், மலைகள், ஆறுகள், கடல், பலவகை நிலப்பரப்புகள் எல்லாம் அழித்து உருமாற்றி அமைக்கப் படுவதை எதிர்க்கின்றனர்.
சமீப காலங்களில் உலக தட்ப வெட்ப நிலையும், அன்றாட வானிலை நிகழ்வுகளும் தறிகெட்டு இருக்கின்றன என்பது போல ஒரு உணர்வு பல நாட்டு மக்களிடமும் பரவி வருகிறது. இது ஒரு நெடுங்கால சீதோஷ்ண ஏற்ற தாழ்வுகளின் பலன் தானே தவிர மனித எத்தனத்தால் உருவானதல்ல, அதனால் பூமியும் மனித சமுகங்களும் மாற்றி அமைக்கப்படுவதால் தட்ப வெட்ப நிலை சீராக்கப் படுவது நடவாதது என்று வாதிடுவோரும், அதற்கு எதிராக வாதிடுவாருமாக உலக சர்ச்சையே குழம்பிக் கிடக்கிறது.
இதில் உலக உஷ்ணமாவது ஆபத்து, நிறுத்தப் படவேண்டும் என்ற கட்சி மிக்க வலுவாகவும் எதிர் கட்சி ஓரளவு குரல் வலு இல்லாததாகவும் பொது அரங்கில் தெரிகிறது. ஆனால் அமைப்புகளைப் பார்த்தால் அரசியல் அதிகாரம், மேலும் செயல்பாடு, சிந்தனை, மேலும் ஆய்வு ஆகிய அரங்குகளில் உலகம் உஷ்ணமாவதற்கு மனிதச் செயல் காரணமில்லை, உலகம் உஷ்ணமாகிறது என்பதே நிறுவப் படவில்லை என்று வாதிடும் கட்சிக்குத்தான் அதிகாரமும் வசதியும் கூடுதலாக இருக்கிறது.
சோ முன்பு வேறு ஒரு தளத்தில் சொன்ன மாதிரி நிலை. 'மக்கள் கூட்ட்மெல்லாம் ஒரு பக்கம், ஓட்டெல்லாம் ஒரு பக்கம்' என்று தேர்தல் முடிவுகள் முந்தைய நாட்களின் பிம்பத்துக்கு எதிராக அமைந்ததைச் சொன்னார் அவர். அது போல பொது மக்கள் கருத்து எப்பக்கம் இருந்தாலும் உலக அரசியலும், நிறுவனச் செயல்பாடுகளும் உலக உஷ்ணமாவதை ஏற்கத் தயங்குகின்றன.
இதை ஒட்டி உஷ்ணமாவது உண்மையாக இருந்தாலும் நாம் ஏதும் செய்ய் முடியாது, அதை விட அவசரமாகச் செய்யப் பட வேண்டிய விஷயங்கள் ஏராளமாக இருக்கின்றன, அவற்றின் மீது உலகம் கவனம் செலுத்துவது பல மடங்கு மேம்பட்ட விளைவைத் தரும் என்று வாதிடுகிறார் கோபன்ஹாகன் பலகலையைச் சார்ந்த ப்ஜார்ன் லொம்பார்க்.
இந்தப் பேட்டியின் எதிர் நிலையை அடுத்த பதிவில் இடுகிறேன்.
இதைப் படித்து உங்கள் வினையைத் தெரிவியுங்கள்.
சூ.கா
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Bjørn Lomborg drives people crazy. The tale of the controversy that swarmed his 2001 book, "The Skeptical Environmentalist," in which the native Dane argued that many environmental problems were overblown, has been widely told. With a few clicks you can read all about his skirmish with the Danish Committees on Scientific Dishonesty and his protracted battle with Scientific American. In a flash you can find his defenders strafing his critics from their libertarian bunkers or congressional offices. When Sen. James Inhofe, R-Okla., wants to back up his claim that global warming is the "greatest hoax ever perpetrated on the American people," or invites somebody to Washington to debate Al Gore, he calls on Lomborg.
Lomborg, 42, rose to infamy by way of a Ph.D. in political science and a love affair with statistics. Today he is an adjunct professor at the Copenhagen Business School and the director of the Copenhagen Consensus Center, where he strives to devise economic solutions to the world's pressing problems. Next week he will storm back into the cultural fray with "Cool It: The Skeptical Environmentalist's Guide to Global Warming," a highly readable asseveration that global warming is not so bad and that Al Gore is an inconvenient truth-stretcher.
http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2007/08/29/bjorn_lomborg/print.html